Long‐duration g ray emissions from 2007 and 2008 winter thunderstorms

[1] The Gamma‐Ray Observation of Winter Thunderclouds (GROWTH) experiment, consisting of two radiation detection subsystems, has been operating since 2006 on the premises of Kashiwazaki‐Kariwa nuclear power plant located at the coastal area of Japan Sea. By February 2010, GROWTH detected seven long‐duration g ray emissions associated with winter thunderstorms. Of them, two events, obtained on 13 December 2007 and 25 December 2008, are reported. On both occasions, all inorganic scintillators (NaI, CsI, and BGO) of the two subsystems detected significant g ray signals lasting for >1 min. Neither of these two events were associated with any lightning. In both cases, the g ray energy spectra extend to 10 MeV, suggesting that the detected g rays are produced by relativistic electrons via bremsstrahlung. Assuming that the initial photon spectrum at the source is expressed by a power law function, the observed photons can be interpreted as being radiated from a source located at a distance of 290–560 m for the 2007 event and 110–690 m for the 2008 one, both at the 90% confidence level. Employing these photon spectra, the number of relativistic electrons is estimated as 10–10. The estimation generally agrees with those calculated on the basis of the relativistic runaway electron avalanche model. A GROWTH photon spectrum, summed over three individual events including the present two events and another reported previously, has similar features including a cutoff energy, to an averaged spectrum of terrestrial g ray flashes.